defines communication as the process of tra nsmitting meaning from sender to receiver. In August 1888, Slessor travelled north to Okoyong, an area where male missionaries had been killed. Natives feared that the father of one of the infants was a 'devil child', and that the mother had been guilty of a great sin. 2012), Joshua Project - Efik of Nigeria Ethnic People Profile, "Efik Culture History, marriage, food, and belief of this adorable ethnic group", Fubara, Dagogo M.J. (5 March 2006) "Legendary legacies of Dappa-Biriye", Nwagbara, Friday (2 June 2006) "Efik monarch withholds blessing for South-South", "Trad Perfect! For 15 years, Slessor lived with the Okoyong and the Efik people. Mary Mitchell Slessor (2 December 1848 – 13 January 1915) was a Scottish Presbyterian missionary to Nigeria.Once in Nigeria, Slessor learned Efik, one of the numerous local languages, then began teaching.Because of her understanding of the native language … [9], For the last four decades of her life, Slessor suffered intermittent fevers from the malaria she contracted during her first station to Calabar. List of universities in netherlands for masters. Thomas W. Jarvie, Rev. Incoming European goods were traded for slaves, palm oil and other palm products. The Efik kings collected a trading tax called comey from docking ships until the British replaced it with 'comey subsidies'. However, her exploits were heralded in Britain and she became known as the "white queen of Okoyong". Her mother was a devout Presbyterian who read each issue of the Missionary Record, a monthly magazine published by the United Presbyterian Church (later the United Free Church of Scotland) to inform members of missionary activities and needs. She adopted every child she found abandoned, and sent out twins' missioners to find, protect and care for them at the Mission House. Her father, originally from Buchan, was a shoemaker by trade. [3] At the age of eleven, Mary began work as a "half-timer" in the Baxter Brothers' Mill, meaning she spent half of her day at a school provided by the mill owners and the other half working for the company. Nigeria's Governor-General, Sir Frederick Lugard, telegraphed his "deepest regrets" from Lagos and published a warm eulogy in the government gazette. The bulk of them left to Uruan in present-day Akwa Ibom State, some to Eniong and surrounding areas. Eventually, Slessor applied to the United Presbyterian Church's Foreign Mission Board. Naep national assessment of educational progress. 15. She helped heal the sick and stopped the practice of determining guilt by making the suspects drink poison. Jock Stein. Once this was over, Slessor returned to area further away from central Calabar, from the areas which had already eliminated the more heathen practices. Slessor lived in the missionary compound for three years, working first in the missions in Old Town and Creek Town. Hackett, Rosalind I. J. She was featured on the back of the bank's £10 note, highlighting her work in Calabar. A Union Jack covered her coffin. She wanted to go deeper into Calabar, but she contracted malaria and was forced to return to Scotland to recover. [10] The Efik and indeed the people of the Old Calabar kingdom were the first to embrace western education in present-day Nigeria, with the establishment of Hope Waddel Training Institute, Calabar in 1895 and the Methodist Boys' High School, Oron in 1905. [2], During this third mission to Calabar, Slessor received news that her mother and sister had died. Mary Slessor's father and both brothers died of pneumonia, leaving behind only Mary, her mother, and two sisters. [3] By age fourteen, Mary had become a skilled jute worker, working from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. with just an hour for breakfast and lunch.[4]. "[7], Slessor was a driving force behind the establishment of the Hope Waddell Training Institute in Calabar, which provided practical vocational training to Efiks. Rev. Translation Dictionary English Dictionary French English English French Spanish English English Spanish: Portuguese English English Portuguese German English English German Dutch English English Dutch This is a virtual genealogy library for those researching family history for Jamaica, West Indies, especially for people born before 1920. In 1950, the anthropologist Charles Partridge, a friend of Slessor when both were in Nigeria, donated letters from her, along with a recording of her voice, now The Slessor Collection at Dundee Central Library;[16] he said of her: "She was a very remarkable woman. Efik women's main dresses are the onyonyo and the ofod ukod anwang. These treaties and attendant territorial economic rights, are documented in CAP 23 of Laws of Eastern Nigeria, captioned 'Comey subsidies law'. Her mother was a skilled weaver and went to work in the mills. Calabar is not to be confused with the Kalabari Kingdom in Rivers State which is an Ijaw state to its west. Flags at government buildings were flown at half mast. The superstitious threat against twins was not only in Calabar; but also spread to a town called Arochukwu on the far west of Calabar. (1985). Slessor's health began to suffer in her later years, but she remained in Calabar, where she died in 1915. In 1913, she was awarded the Order of St John. This society was transformed into the Abakuá cult in Cuba, the Bonkó cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. It praises her strong force character, her unostentatious manner, and her zeal for the tribes around Calabar.[12]. She took Janie home to Scotland with her on at least one visit. [citation needed], Although their economy was originally based on fishing, the area quickly developed into a major trading centre and remained so well into the early 1900s. Efik populations are found in the following regions: Edikang Ikong is a vegetable soup that originated among the Efik. She had also found a sense of independence, writing, "Heaven is now nearer to me than Britain, and no one will worry about me if I go up country. The Efik people speak the Efik language, which is a Benue–Congo language of the Cross River family.[12][13][14]. She learned to speak the native Efik language, and made close personal friendships wherever she went, becoming known for her pragmatism and humour. [10], Her body was transported down the Cross River to Duke Town for the colonial equivalent of a state funeral. Print. [6], According to W. P. Livingstone, when two deputies went out to inspect the Mission in 1881–82, they were much impressed. I look back on her friendship with reverence- one of the greatest honours that have befallen me. Ph.D. Thesis. A powerful bond of union among the Efik, and one that gives them considerable influence over other tribes, is the secret society known as the Ekpe,[11] the inventor of the Nsibidi, an ancient African script. Cross River State with Akwa Ibom State was formerly one of the original twelve states of Nigeria known as the Southeastern State. University of Leiden. Money making online reddit. She was warned that they believed in traditional West African religion and had superstitions in relation to women giving birth to twins. Afang soup is another popular cuisine sort for all over the federation and beyond. In 1892, Slessor became vice-consul in Okoyong, presiding over the native court. "[17], Mary is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 11 January. 12. Who was the first writer of English Dictionary in the world? In Scotland, a bust of Slessor is now in the Hall of Heroes of the National Wallace Monument in Stirling. [15] [11] People of Efik descent are known as ñáñigos or carabalís in Cuba. She is most famous for having stopped the common practice of infanticide of twins in Okoyong, an area of Cross River State, Nigeria.[1][2]. The note also features a map of Calabar, a lithographic vignette depicting her work with children, and a sailing ship emblem.[14]. [18], "Mary Slessor, Ma Eme, Chief Edim and Ekenge People", Calabar, late 19th century, "Mary Slessor Presiding at Okoyong Court, Calabar", late 19th century, "Mary Slessor and her family", Calabar, late 19th century, (1848-1915) Scottish Presbyterian missionary, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Red-hot designers hail Scots missionary for inspiring African style", "Dundee Central Library: Slessor Collection", "Charles Partridge (Biographical details)", Dundee City Library Local Research Biography, Ron Schuler's Parlour Tricks: Mary Slessor, "Triumphs of Florence Nightingale, Francis Schaeffer, Mary Slessor and Alexander Solzhenitsyn", https://web.archive.org/web/20081003071439/http://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banknotes_current_clydesdale_bank.php, https://web.archive.org/web/20160424043210/http://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banknoteapp/CLYDE_10.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Slessor&oldid=1018945144, Founders of Nigerian schools and colleges, Articles needing additional references from February 2018, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, a high school named in honour of Slessor in, Statues of her (usually carrying twins) at various locations in Calabar. It states that "She and her four adopted African children were a centre of great attraction and helped to deepen the interest of the whole community in the Foreign Mission work of the Church." An integrated phonology of Efik. [7] The diary of Antera Duke, an Efik, is the only surviving record from an African slave-trading house.[8]. Main-belt asteroid 4793 Slessor (1988 RR4)[15] named to mark her centenary celebrations on 13 January 2015. The Diary of Antera Duke: An Eighteenth-Century African Slave Trader. Shoutout to my amazing research mentor Dr. Sly for easing my nerves and helping my first lecture be a success! This they attributed partly to the singular ease with which Slessor spoke the language.[5]. Calabar: Glad Tidings Press. (2000). Slessor lived a simple life in a traditional house with Efiks. During the next three years, Slessor looked after her mother and sister (who had also fallen ill), and spoke at many churches, sharing stories from the Calabar area. Because of her understanding of the native language and her bold personality Slessor gained the trust and acceptance of the locals and was able to spread Christianity while promoting women's rights and protecting native children. Mary Mitchell Slessor (2 December 1848 – 13 January 1915) was a Scottish Presbyterian missionary to Nigeria. Mary took the girl as her daughter and called her Janie. The wearer has arm and leg beads and a necklace of coral beads. After only three more years, Slessor returned to Scotland on yet another health furlough. Examples and Observations: "The spectrum of English in Nigeria ranges from Standard English through a more general English whose structures are influenced by the mother tongues, by the Indian English of many traders and teachers, and by WAPE [West African Pidgin English], which is sometimes acquired as a mother tongue in such urban areas as Calabar and Port Harcourt, usually … The ofod ukod anwang includes a sleeveless top and short skirt, both accessorized with coral beads and the ekpa ku kwa—fuzzy ornaments decorating the arms and legs. [9] Even by 1900, many of the native peoples were well educated in European ideologies and culture, professed Christianity and dressed in European fashion. This separation was further extended when as a result of a 1961 plebiscite the area voted to join the Republic of Cameroon. After training in Edinburgh, she set sail in the SS Ethiopia on 5 August 1876 with her relation Robert Mitchell Beedie, a missionary from New Deer in Buchan, the two had the same grandmother, and arrived at her destination in West Africa just over a month later. Education system ranking india. Answer: Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, Oct. 1st, 1960 – Jan. 15th, 1966. Robert Slessor was an alcoholic and, unable to keep up shoemaking, took a job as a labourer in a mill. [2][5] Slessor once saved a pair of twins, a boy and a girl, but the boy did not survive. In 1884 the Efik kings and the chiefs of the Efik placed themselves under British protection. [3] Slessor developed an interest in religion and when a mission was instituted in Quarry Pend (close by the Wishart Church), she wanted to teach. It was the belief in the area that the birth of twins was considered a particularly evil curse. The Ekpe society is exclusive for male, while females have their own Ekpa society. Politics and society in South Eastern Nigeria 1841 – 1906: A study of power, diplomacy and commerce in Old Calabar. [16] They are mostly used as bridal outfits. The Slessors lived in the slums of Dundee. [2] This area, formerly a trust territory from German Cameroon, was administered as a part of the Eastern Region of Nigeria until it achieved autonomy in 1954, thus separating the Efik people politically. In 1859, the family moved to Dundee in search of work. Attendees included the provincial commissioner, along with other senior British officials in full uniform. Religion In Calabar. [4] Slessor was 27 when she heard that David Livingstone, the famous missionary and explorer, had died and decided she wanted to follow in his footsteps. The Efik acted as middlemen in the Transatlantic slave trade and the longstanding interactions between the people of Calabar and British merchants led to a high level of assimilation. She was the second of seven children of Robert and Mary Slessor. In most of Calabar the practice had been eliminated by the Missionaries and King Eyo Honesty II. Aye, E. U. This page was last edited on 3 May 2021, at 23:09. Evanston: North-Western University Press. The Efik people. However, she downplayed the personal costs, and never gave up her mission work to return permanently to Scotland. Slessor died on 13 January 1915. The Efik are related to the Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Biase, Akamkpa, Uruan, and Eket people. Catawba valley community college academic calendar. The onyonyo is a long gown. Slessor left the area of Calabar and moved further in to Okoyong. The Committee of Scottish Bankers "Clydesdale Bank - £10 Famous Scots Series", This page was last edited on 20 April 2021, at 18:29. Mary Slessor was born on 2 December 1848 in Gilcomston, Aberdeen, Scotland to a poor working-class family, who could not afford proper education. Old Calabar and New Calabar are different places within Nigeria but have been merged within the dropdown list of Nigerian ports, as many entries in the passenger lists simply state Calabar. Since Slessor assigned a large portion of her salary to support her mother and sisters in Scotland, she economised by learning to eat the native food. Blue in the Nigerian Police flag represents? They stated, "… she enjoys the unreserved friendship and confidence of the people, and has much influence over them". Slessor was honoured on a 1997 bank note by Clydesdale Bank for the World Heritage Series and Famous Scots Series. It’s quite an experience hearing the sound of your voice carrying out to a over 100 first year dental students. She left Calabar for Dundee in 1879. Slessor continued her focus on evangelism, settling disputes, encouraging trade, establishing social changes and introducing Western education. In each case, viewing the image of the passenger list will reveal the exact term used and the … 59328 Jeux Gratuits pour Mobile, Tablette et Smart TV 59328 Recherche de jeux. Several memorials in and around the Efik provinces of Calabar and Okoyong testify to the value placed on her work. She thought her teachings, and the fact she was a woman, would be less threatening to unreached tribes. This name is still used commonly to refer to her in Calabar. They stayed in Uruan for about a hundred or so years and then moved to Ikpa Ene and Ndodihi briefly before crossing over to their final destination in Creek Town (Esit Edik / Obio Oko). Ge universal remote control 8 device backlit black. The people of Calabar belong to the Efik tribe though the popular Arochukwu town is at the Igbo tribe's region. Issues Slessor confronted as a young missionary included the lack of Western education, as well as widespread human sacrifice at the death of a village elder, who, it was believed, required servants and retainers to accompany him into the next world. The Efik were the middle men between the white traders on the coast and the inland tribes of the Cross River and Calabar district. In early January 1915, while at her remote station near Use Ikot Oku, she suffered a particularly severe fever. Efik oral histories tell of migration down the Cross River from Arochukwuto found numerous settlements in the Calabar and Creek Town area. Although the actual origins of the Efik people are unknown, oral traditions provide accounts of their migration from Igbo and Ibibio territory (to the north-west of Calabar) to the present location. In Aberdeen a memorial stands in the city's Union Terrace Gardens and in Dundee, a new city centre park is named 'Slessor Gardens' in her honour. The Efik people also occupy southwestern Cameroon including Bakassi. Her new assignment was three miles farther into Calabar, in Old Town. Slessor's work in Okoyong earned her the Efik nickname of "Obongawan Okoyong" (Queen of Okoyong). There would seem to be three successive stages in the history of efik migration and settlement: (a) an Igbo phase (b) an Ibibio phase and (c) the drift to the coast. Some mission compounds were alive with babies. Slessor, 28 years of age, red haired with bright blue eyes,[4] was first assigned to the Calabar region in the land of the Efik people. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, in the southern part of Cross River State.The Efik speak the Efik language which is a Benue–Congo language of the Cross River family.Efik oral histories tell of migration down the Cross River from Arochukwu to found numerous settlements in the Calabar and Creek Town area. 13. Who is Nigeria’s Minister of Power? Conformément à la loi "informatique et liberté" du 6 janvier 1978 modifiée en 2004, vous bénéficiez d'un droit d'accès et de rectification aux informations qui vous concernent: vous pouvez exercer ce droit en vous adressant au service des examens et concours de votre académie. Contexto historico da educação infantil. As a missionary, she went to other tribes, spreading the word of Jesus Christ. A girls' house, "Slessor House", was named after her in Achimota School, Ghana.[13]. Money making online reddit. Creek Town and its environs are often commonly referred to as Calabar, and its people as Calabar people, after the European name Calabar Kingdom given to the state [in present-day Cross River State. [7] The Efik king, also known as the Obong of Calabar, still (as of 2006) is a political power among the Efik. It has been suggested that the onyonyo’s resemblance of Victorian gowns is as a result of the influence of the Scottish missionary Mary Slessor. Unable to determine which twin was fathered by the evil spirit, the natives often abandoned both babies in clay pots to die. Cook, T.L. Oxford University Press; Reprint edition (4 Jun. Once in Nigeria, Slessor learned Efik, one of the numerous local languages, then began teaching. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a Benue–Congo language of the Cross River family. Answer: Sale Mamman from Taraba State. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, in the southern part of Cross River State. She saved hundreds of twins out of the bush, where they had been left either to starve to death or be eaten by animals. Padang varsiti universiti malaya. Her insistence on lone stations often led her into conflict with the authorities and gained her a reputation for eccentricity. Most of the area was immediately transferred, but in August 2006 - Nigeria handed over the Bakassi peninsula to Cameroon.[3]. 'My Nigerian great-grandfather sold slaves' Many in the region bear English surnames, such as Duke, Henshaw and James. Both Calabar and Arochukwu share some common cultures and are in southeastern Nigeria, precisely Cross River State and Abia State respectively.[8]. Mary Slessor, a Presbyterian missionary from Scotland, was concerned with eliminating the superstitious practice of killing twin babies. The Efik people are found in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria, in “the South Eastern corner of the Cross River State.”[4] They occupy the basins of the Lower Cross River and down to the Bakassi Peninsula, the Calabar River and down to its tributaries – the Kwa River, Akpayafe (Akpa Ikang) and the Eniong Creek.”[5] They occupied Calabar “towards the end of the seventeenth century or at the beginning of the 18th century.”[6] [5] After 16 months in Scotland, Slessor returned to Calabar, but not to the same compound. J. Harrison Hudson, Rev. Some of these include: A female hostel in the University of Nigeria Nsukka is named Mary Slessor Hall in her honour. In 1905 she was named vice-president of Ikot Obong native court. Recipe for an amazing Edikang Ikong Soup", https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efik_people&oldid=1021297465, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Benue (Efik-Ibibio people were fourth largest ethnic group of original settlers of Benue area of Nigeria). Answer: Mr. Samuel Johnson. The fevers eventually weakened Slessor to the point she could no longer walk long distances in the rainforest, but had to be pushed along in a hand-cart. [citation needed] The people of Uruan were said to have given them the name "Efik" deriving from a verb meaning to press or oppress, since they were alleged to be aggressive. Nair, K. K. (1972). She was overcome with loneliness, writing, "There is no one to write and tell my stories and nonsense to." Christian missions were at work among the Efiks beginning in the middle of the 19th century. [11], A report on her death in The Southern Reporter of 21 January 1915 mentions a time she spent on furlough in Bowden, Roxburghshire, Scottish Borders. 14. Who was the first President of Nigeria? The authorities and gained her a reputation for eccentricity that originated among the Efiks beginning in the missionary compound three. Palm oil and other palm products with which Slessor spoke the language. [ 12 ] this was! 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