Families are assigned to the traditional investigation pathway when they are at moderate to high risk; the child abuse and neglect type is sexual abuse, serious physical abuse, or other abuse and neglect types designated by the state (e.g., serious neglect in some states); and when other state-specific criteria are met (e.g., age of the child, precipitating factors) (Merkel-Holguin et al., 2006). Children under 1 year old are most likely to be placed (ACF, 2012a). Loman, L. A., C. S. Filonow, and G. Siegel. According to the ICWA, tribes with active courts maintain exclusive jurisdiction for American Indian children residing on the reservation, and states and tribes share jurisdiction for children who do not live on reservations but are members of federally recognized tribes or are eligible for tribal membership with a biological parent who is a tribal member. An overview of differential response is available from the Quality Improvement Center on Differential Response,8 funded by the Children’s Bureau. They found that 39 percent of employees in case management teams that received the ARC intervention quit their jobs during the 1-year period following the intervention, compared with 65 percent of caseworkers in the control group during the same time period. arguing that the distinction is not between risk factors and needs but between static and dynamic risks. The consequences of physical abuse and neglect on the school age child: Mediating factors. Evaluation Review 28(2): 87-103. Privatization efforts have undergone limited evaluation, and most applicable studies have methodological shortcomings that limit the generalizability of their results. Fact Sheets In contrast, widely used social services such as child protective services, kinship care, and other out-of-home placement services provided through the child welfare system have not been the focus of evaluation studies that could provide significant insights into the … Another state (Maryland) enacted legislation requiring a study of differential response, and currently has a bill in the state legislature proposing the establishment of a differential response system beginning in 2013 (NCSL, 2012). 1997. Permanency in kinship care: An exploration of disruption rates and factors associated with placement disruption. 1998. Family-centered services: Approaches and effectiveness. In many instances, the need for specialized expertise or more intensive services for many of the evidence-based practices requires contracting out the services. Defining the community context for parent-child relations: The correlates of child maltreatment. Working for CPS - Watch caseworkers in action in this in-depth look at the jobs of the five types CPS caseworkers, and what it takes to be successful. Among those children, some will return to care, but not for 2 or more years after reunification. To understand the outcomes of abused and neglected children in the child welfare system, it is important to understand the legislative and system-level reforms that drive child welfare services. Differential response in Missouri after five years: Final report. About 28 percent of children experienced two placements, while 30 percent experienced three or more placements. These issues include disproportionality and disparity by race/ethnicity, region, and socioeconomic status; interaction between the child welfare system and related systems and services; and a number of systemic issues. 2013. Supplementary analyses of race differences in child child abuse and neglect rates in the NIS-4. 1999. As noted in Chapter 7, as well as in numerous other publications, child welfare agencies face many issues related to high caseloads, poorly trained staff, limited supervision, and a culture that does not necessarily support autonomy, quality practice, and critical thinking (GAO, 2003; Zlotnik et al., 2005). The data in Figure 5-9 also suggest that after 2 years, the cumulative probability does not change dramatically, regardless of the age at admission. Fisher, P. A., M. R. Gunnar, P. Chamberlain, and J. Offers information about how EPSDT works with public health, families, managed care organizations, pediatricians, and other health providers. Technical assistance to support system reform efforts and research/evaluation between courts and child welfare agencies is provided by the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges and the National Center on State Courts (Fiermonte and Sidote Salyers, 2005). 2006. o   Family Support Programs focused on teen mothers with very young children and on families with children with special needs or behavioral problems had the strongest positive effects on both children and families. Tittle, G., J. Poertner, and P. Garnier. in child welfare, more research in this area is needed, especially to link practice outcomes and workforce issues. Psychiatric Services 56(8):981-987. Black children and foster care placement in California. Changes often occur when political leaders change, as the child welfare director responsible for child protection and other child welfare services may be a political appointee or hold a senior position under a political appointee. In large urban counties, black/white and black/Hispanic disparity ratios fell dramatically, whereas the Hispanic/white disparity increased. Wulczyn, F. 1986. HIV CWIG. Child abuse and neglect: An examination of American Indian data. The Child Welfare League of America has established best practice guidelines for how child welfare agencies should prevent abuse and neglect and respond to abuse and neglect reports for youth in foster care (Child Welfare League of America, 2003). 13AFCARS is a federally mandated reporting system for all state and tribal Title IV-B/IV-E agencies responsible for the placement, care, or supervision of children in foster care and adoption (45 CFR 1355.40). In secondary urban and rural counties, disparity ratios increased except for the Hispanic/white disparity in rural counties. But variations in implementation made evaluation difficult, and the federal evaluations were equivocal, especially with respect to outcomes of foster care placement (ASPE, 2008a). Achieving this capacity requires reconsideration of the competency and commitment of front-line staff, a link between training and education and service delivery, a greater focus on leadership and organization, and greater alignment of the policies and practice imperatives that are presented to child welfare managers. 2010. Since the 1993 NRC report was published, an increasing body of research has focused on recruitment and retention of child welfare workers—those who serve as the key point of contact between children and families. Local NCTSN centers frequently have extensive partnerships with service organizations in their neighborhoods and are well positioned for community-based research. Washington, DC: Casey-Center for the Study of Social Policy (CSSP) Alliance for Racial Equity in the Child Welfare System. Recent findings from analyses of the NSCAW data commissioned by the Annie E. Casey Foundation (Landsverk et al., 2009) support this increased focus on child well-being, not only for children placed in foster care but also for children in families investigated for child abuse who have not been placed: •   Children involved with child welfare systems (including both those placed and those not placed in foster care) showed marked elevations on measures of risk for behavioral and developmental problems compared with population norms. Assessing their implications for the child welfare field and the federal child welfare programs. With regard to safety, 22 percent of the cases had unaddressed safety concerns, including child abuse and neglect reports that were inappropriately screened out, child abuse and neglect allegations that were never formally reported or investigated, delays in accepting an allegation for investigation, and allegations that were not substantiated despite evidence that would support substantiation. Social Service Review 73(1):22-36. Child Welfare Services (CWS) is committed to excellence in the delivery of culturally competent, family-centered and child-focused protective services. Children and Youth Services Review 7(4):309-320. Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, California Social Work Education Center (http://www.csulb.edu/projects/ccwrl/Brooks.pdf (accessed August 27, 2013). Finding: Child welfare agencies need to employ more effective quality improvement strategies. Consensus-based instruments are created based on theories of child abuse and neglect etiology, empirical research, and expert opinion on relevant case characteristics. Earle, K. 2000. New York: New York State Office of Children and Family Services. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services However, more research is needed to devise strategies for replicating these models across the varied settings and localities in which children and families receive care. The Children’s Bureau and its services – Child Welfare Information Gateway and AdoptUSKids – provide resources about the foster care system. Among the many issues that can impact child abuse and neglect outcomes is the lack of stability of child welfare reforms. FIGURE 5-2 A child’s journey through the child welfare system. In general, states offer three main types of placement. 1The cumulative probabilities are based only on those cohorts for which at least 3 years of data are available: 2003, 2004, and 2005. Pp. http://www.socialworkpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/SWPI-IVE-Policy-Brief.pdf (accessed August 15, 2013). 2010. States also became eligible for bonuses for increasing the number of children adopted. Version 2. Palgrave Macmillan Basingstoke. to Improve the Well-Being of Children Affected by Substance Abuse.21 In FY 2012, the Children’s Bureau awarded 17 grants to grantees with demonstrated collaborative infrastructure in place across child welfare, substance abuse treatment and mental health agencies, and the courts.22 Along with tracking performance indicators that form the basis of the annual Report to Congress, grantees are required to implement evidence-based (or evidence-informed) and trauma-informed services/activities and to conduct rigorous impact evaluations of child and family outcomes. found that petitions for termination of parental rights were not necessarily filed in a timely fashion (as defined by the Adoption and Safe Families Act). The next step: Integrating actuarial risk assessment and clinical judgment into an evidence-based practice framework in CPS case management. 14See http://www.nctsn.org/about-us/strategic-partnerships (accessed January 27, 2014). Privatization of Child Protective Services. Frequently asked questions and answers about basic prenatal care. Courtney, M. E., and B. Needell. HHS was required to establish new outcome measures with which to monitor and improve states’ performance, which resulted in creation of the CFSRs. Indeed, Bickman’s research on the impact of the systems of care model (Bickman, 1996; Bickman and Heflinger, 1995; Bickman et al., 1997) suggests that better access to care may not be associated with better outcomes for youth receiving care from public mental health systems. 2008. About 60 percent of children who started off in family foster care and were then transferred to a group care setting went on to experience a third placement, which half of the time involved a return to family care. Pp. 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